Apostrophes are small marks with big roles in writing. They help us show possession, form contractions, and make our sentences clearer. However, they can also be confusing, leading to common mistakes.
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One frequent error is using apostrophes to form plurals, which is incorrect. For instance, “apple’s” instead of “apples.” Another common mistake is mixing up contractions and possessive forms, like confusing “it’s” (it is) with “its” (belonging to it).
Whether you’re writing an essay, an email, or just a text message, knowing how to use apostrophes will improve your communication. Let’s dive in and clear up any confusion about these important punctuation marks!
Possessive Apostrophes
Let’s talk about possessive apostrophes and how they show ownership. When you want to indicate that something belongs to someone or something, you use a possessive apostrophe.
Singular Nouns
For singular nouns, you simply add an apostrophe followed by the letter “s.” For example:
“The dog’s leash” means the leash belonging to the dog.
“The girl’s book” means the book belonging to the girl.
“The teacher’s desk” means the desk belonging to the teacher.
So, just remember: if it’s a single person or thing owning something, add ‘s to the end of the noun.
Plural Nouns
For plural nouns, things are a bit different. If the plural noun already ends in “s,” you just add an apostrophe after the “s.” For example:
“The dogs’ leashes” means the leashes belonging to multiple dogs.
“The girls’ books” means the books belonging to multiple girls.
“The teachers’ lounge” means the lounge used by multiple teachers.
However, if the plural noun does not end in “s,” you treat it like a singular noun and add ‘s. For example:
“The children’s toys” means the toys belonging to the children.
“The men’s jackets” means the jackets belonging to the men.
“The people’s choice” means the choice made by the people.
Using possessive apostrophes correctly helps make your writing clear and precise. It’s a simple rule: for singular nouns, add ‘s. For plural nouns ending in “s,” just add an apostrophe. For irregular plurals, add ‘s. Practice these rules, and soon using possessive apostrophes will become second nature.
Apostrophes in Contractions
Apostrophes are handy when it comes to forming contractions. Contractions combine two words into one, making your writing more conversational and efficient and you grammar in check. The apostrophe takes the place of the missing letters.
For example, “don’t” is a contraction of “do not.” The apostrophe replaces the missing “o.” Another common one is “it’s,” which stands for “it is.” Here, the apostrophe replaces the missing “i.” Using contractions can make your writing sound more natural and less formal.
Commonly Confused Contractions
Some contractions often cause confusion, especially when they sound the same but have different meanings.
Let’s clear up a few of these:
“You’re” vs. “Your”: “You’re” is a contraction of “you are.” For example, “You’re going to love this movie.” “Your” shows possession, like “Is this your book?”
“They’re” vs. “Their” vs. “There”: “They’re” is a contraction of “they are,” as in “They’re on their way.” “Their” shows possession, like “Their house is beautiful.” “There” refers to a place or position, as in “Put the book over there.”
Understanding these differences helps avoid common mistakes. Here are more examples to illustrate:
“We’re” is short for “we are,” as in “We’re going to the park.”
“Who’s” stands for “who is” or “who has,” like “Who’s coming to dinner?”
“Shouldn’t” combines “should” and “not,” as in “You shouldn’t do that.”
Special Cases When Using Apostrophes
Apostrophes can sometimes be tricky, especially in special cases. Let’s explore a few instances where they can be a bit confusing.
Possessive Pronouns That Do Not Use Apostrophes
Possessive pronouns show ownership without needing apostrophes. These include words like “yours,” “ours,” “hers,” and “its.” For example:
“This book is yours.”
“The decision is ours.”
“The cat licked its paw.”
Notice that “its” (possessive) does not have an apostrophe. This is often mixed up with “it’s,” which means “it is” or “it has.” Remember, if you can replace “it’s” with “it is” and the sentence still makes sense, use the apostrophe. Otherwise, it’s “its” without the apostrophe.
Apostrophes with Names Ending in “s”
When it comes to names ending in “s,” there are two acceptable ways to show possession. You can add an apostrophe followed by an “s,” or just an apostrophe. For example:
“James’s book” or “James’ book” – both are correct.
“Chris’s car” or “Chris’ car” – both are acceptable.
Choosing between the two often depends on style preference or specific guidelines you might be following, like those from a style guide or your teacher’s instructions.
Practice Exercise #1
Read the sentences below and insert the missing apostrophes where necessary.
The teachers lounge is down the hall.
Sarahs dress was the prettiest at the party.
Its a beautiful day outside.
The cats toys were scattered all over the floor.
Whos coming to dinner tonight?
The students books were left in the classroom.
James favorite subject is history.
The dogs water bowl needs to be refilled.
The teams jerseys were bright and colorful.
That decision is not ours to make.
Answers
The teachers’ lounge is down the hall. (Multiple teachers possess the lounge)
Sarah’s dress was the prettiest at the party. (The dress belongs to Sarah)
It’s a beautiful day outside. (“It’s” is a contraction of “it is”)
The cat’s toys were scattered all over the floor. (The toys belong to one cat)
Who’s coming to dinner tonight? (“Who’s” is a contraction of “who is”)
The students’ books were left in the classroom. (Multiple students possess the books)
James’s favorite subject is history. (James owns the favorite subject; both “James’s” and “James'” are correct)
The dog’s water bowl needs to be refilled. (The water bowl belongs to one dog)
The team’s jerseys were bright and colorful. (The jerseys belong to one team)
That decision is not ours to make. (No apostrophe needed; “ours” is a possessive pronoun)
Practice Exercise #2
Correct the following sentences by adding the appropriate apostrophes.
The childrens playground is being renovated.
Its important to finish your homework on time.
The boss office is on the second floor.
Whos responsible for cleaning the kitchen?
The cats whiskers are very long.
The teams victory was well deserved.
Hes going to the store to buy some groceries.
The dogs leash is hanging by the door.
The girls room is painted pink.
This book is not yours; its mine.
Answers
The children’s playground is being renovated. (The playground belongs to multiple children)
It’s important to finish your homework on time. (“It’s” is a contraction of “it is”)
The boss’s office is on the second floor. (The office belongs to one boss; both “boss’s” and “boss'” are correct)
Who’s responsible for cleaning the kitchen? (“Who’s” is a contraction of “who is”)
The cat’s whiskers are very long. (The whiskers belong to one cat)
The team’s victory was well deserved. (The victory belongs to one team)
He’s going to the store to buy some groceries. (“He’s” is a contraction of “he is”)
The dog’s leash is hanging by the door. (The leash belongs to one dog)
The girl’s room is painted pink. (The room belongs to one girl)
This book is not yours; it’s mine. (“It’s” is a contraction of “it is”; “yours” is a possessive pronoun)
FAQ
How to correctly use an apostrophe?
Using an apostrophe correctly involves understanding its two main functions: showing possession and forming contractions. For possession, add ‘s to a singular noun (e.g., “the cat’s toy”) or just an apostrophe to a plural noun that already ends in “s” (e.g., “the dogs’ leashes”). For contractions, the apostrophe replaces the missing letters (e.g., “don’t” for “do not”). Avoid using apostrophes for plurals (e.g., “apples” not “apple’s”). Mastering these rules can greatly improve your writing clarity.
What are the three rules for apostrophes?
The three main rules for apostrophes are simple:
Possession for singular nouns. Add ‘s to show ownership (e.g., “the teacher’s book”).
Possession for plural nouns. If the noun ends in “s,” just add an apostrophe (e.g., “the teachers’ lounge”). For irregular plurals, add ‘s (e.g., “the children’s toys”).
Forming contractions. Use an apostrophe to replace omitted letters in contractions (e.g., “can’t” for “cannot”). These rules cover most uses of apostrophes in English writing.
How Do You Use an Apostrophe After an S?
When using an apostrophe after an “s,” it typically indicates possession for plural nouns. If the noun is plural and ends in “s,” you simply add an apostrophe at the end (e.g., “the girls’ dresses”). For singular nouns that end in “s,” you can either add ‘s or just an apostrophe, depending on style preference (e.g., “James’s book” or “James’ book”). Both forms are generally accepted, but consistency is key.
What Words Use Apostrophes?
Apostrophes are used in two main types of words:
Possessive nouns. These include both singular (e.g., “the dog’s bone”) and plural forms (e.g., “the teachers’ meeting”).
Contractions. These are combinations of words where letters are omitted (e.g., “can’t” for “cannot,” “it’s” for “it is”). Apostrophes are also used in certain time expressions (e.g., “one week’s notice”) and in some proper nouns to show possession (e.g., “Charles’s car”).
How Do Apostrophes Work?
Apostrophes work by indicating either possession or contraction. For possession, they show that something belongs to someone or something (e.g., “Sarah’s book” means the book belongs to Sarah). For contractions, apostrophes replace missing letters to shorten words (e.g., “don’t” for “do not”). This helps in making language more fluid and concise. They are not used for pluralizing nouns, which is a common mistake. Proper use of apostrophes enhances clarity and accuracy in writing.
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Welcome to A*Help comments!
We’re all about debate and discussion at A*Help.
We value the diverse opinions of users, so you may find points of view that you don’t agree with. And that’s cool. However, there are certain things we’re not OK with: attempts to manipulate our data in any way, for example, or the posting of discriminative, offensive, hateful, or disparaging material.